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Rabu, 2008 Oktober 15

Building Relationships Between Rails Models

This tutorial describes how to build relationships (one-to-one and one-to-many) between models in a NetBeans Ruby on Rails project.

Contents


To complete this tutorial, you need the following software.

Software or Resource Version Required
NetBeans IDE with Ruby and Rails support Version 6.0*
MySQL database server Version 5.0
Rails Framework 1.2.5**

* If you are using NetBeans IDE 6.1, see the Building Relationships Between Rails Models - NetBeans IDE 6.1 Tutorial.

* This tutorial, which is written for Rails 1.2.5, involves scaffolding. Because scaffolding is not supported in Rails 2.0, you cannot complete this tutorial using Rails 2.0.

Creating the Sample Database

This tutorial builds on the tutorial Creating a Ruby Weblog in 10 Minutes. If you completed that tutorial, you can start with the project that you built when you finished the tutorial and proceed to the next section. Otherwise, download the RubyWebLog.zip file and follow these steps to create the sample database.

Note: This tutorial uses the MySQL database server. See the Installing and Configuring Ruby Support article for information about using a MySQL database server in a Ruby application. The article also describes how to use the Java DB database server instead.

  1. Open a command window.
  2. If it has not already been started, start the MySQL database server.
  3. Type the following command to create the development database and press Enter. 
    mysqladmin -u root -p create rubyweblog_development

    Note: If the root user does not have a required password, omit the -p argument.

  4. Open the rubyweblog project in the IDE.

    Note: The first time that you open or create a Ruby project in the IDE, the IDE checks if you have any other Ruby installations in addition to the bundled JRuby software. If you do, the IDE displays a dialog box asking you to select which software to use. Choose JRuby if you want to use the bundled JRuby interpreter, or choose your Ruby installation if you prefer to use it instead. For more information, see Configuring the IDE to Use Your Own Ruby Installation in the Installing and Configuring Ruby tutorial.

  5. If your database requires a password, edit the database.yml file and provide the password under the development configuration. Save the file.

    To quickly access the database.yml file, press Alt+Shift+O (Ctrl+Shift+O on the Mac), type database.yml in the File Name text field, and press Enter.

  6. Right-click the rubyweblog node and choose Migrate Database > To Current Version.

    This action updates the database to include the posts table and then adds a body field. The Output window indicates when the migration is complete.
  7. Run the application and create a new post.

Creating the Comment Model

This tutorial enhances the rubyweblog project by enabling readers to add comments to a blog post. You begin by creating the Comment model to store instances of readers' comments. The project already includes a Post model for storing instances of blog posts.

  1. In the Projects window, expand the rubyweblog node if it is not already expanded, right-click the Models node, and choose Generate.

  2. Type Comment post_id:integer created_at:datetime comment:text in the Arguments field and click OK.

    The Rails Generator creates a model named Comment. This model includes the following files:

    • app/models/comment.rb. A file that holds the methods for the Comment model. This file is opened in the editing area.
    • test/unit/comment_test.rb. A unit test for checking the model.
    • test/fixtures/comments.yml. A test fixture for populating the model.
    • db/migrate/migrate/003_create_comments.rb. A migration file for altering the structure of the database. This file is version 003 because the project already has two migration files, 001_create_posts.rb and 002_add_body.rb, which create and modify the posts table.

Migrating the Database

The file that you work with next is the migration file, 003_create_comments.rb.

  1. In the Output window, click the link for the 003_create_comments.rb file.

    The file opens to show the self.up method, which creates a table called comments, and the self.down method, which tears the comments table down, as shown in the following code sample: 
    class CreateComments <>          This migration creates a comments table with four fields:          id, which contains an integer, post_id,          which contains an integer; created_at, which stores          the date and time; and comment, which contains a text          description.

  2. Right-click the rubyweblog node and choose Migrate Database > To Current Version.

    This action updates the the database to include the comments table. The Output window indicates when the migration is complete.

Defining a Relationship Between the Post and Comment Models

You now have two models in the application: the Post model, which creates a new blog post, and the Comment model, which adds a comment to a blog post. Here you define a relationship between the two models so that a comment is associated with a single post, and a post can contain multiple comments.

  1. Expand the Models node and open post.rb.

  2. Add the following has_many association to post.rb:

    class Post <>has_many :comments

    end

    The has_many method indicates that the post can have zero, one, or more comment records associated with it.

    Typing the trigger hm and pressing Tab expands into the code template has_many :objects.

  3. Open Models > comment.rb and add the belongs_to association:

    class Comment <>belongs_to :post

    end

    The belongs_to method indicates that a comment can be associated with only one post. By default, ActiveRecord uses the post_id to associate a comment with the post that has a matching post.id.

    The bt trigger explands to belongs_to :object.

Modifying the Controller Scaffolding

Next you work with the controller, blog_controller.rb, which generates the scaffolding, or the basic interface for creating, reading, updating, and deleting entries in the blog post.

  1. Expand Controllers node and open blog_controller.rb.

    The controller has all of the scaffold actions, including index, list, show, new, create, edit, update, and destroy.

  2. Modify the show action as shown in the following code sample to save the post_id to the flash:

    def show

    @post = Post.find(params[:id])

    flash[:post_id] = @post.id

    end
    The code finds the post associated with the id parameter passed in with the request. It then stores the id in the flash for later use. The flash is similar to an HTTP session, but across a single request. When you put something in the flash, it is available for the next request, and then is gone (hence the name flash).

  3. Scroll to the end of the blog_controller.rb file and add the following post_comment action before the final end statement:

    def post_comment

      @comment = Comment.new(

        "post_id" => flash[:post_id],

        "created_at" => Time.now,

        "comment" => params[:comment]['comment']

        )

        if @comment.save

          flash[:notice] = 'Comment was successfully added.'

          redirect_to :action => 'show', :id => flash[:post_id]

        end

    end

    The post_comment action is called when the user clicks the Post button to submit a comment. The first block of code gets the post_id from the flash (which is something like 1, 2, or so on) and uses it to find the blog post associated with that id. The code then creates a new Comment object to be associated with that post_id, also consisting of the time created and the actual comment. The Rails framework passes the submitted parameters from the page as a hash (params[:comment]), from which the code pulls out the comment parameter (params[:comment]['comment']).

    Comment is an ActiveRecord class, so calling its save method saves the comment record to the database. The message is then put in the flash. The code calls the show action, which loads the show.rhtml page. This page reloads the post and all of its comments, including the new one.

Modifying the View to Add Comments

Here you edit the show.rhtml file, which displays an individual blog entry.

  1. Expand Views > blog and open show.rhtml.

  2. Add the following code at the end of show.rhtml:

    

    Comments
    

    

    <% form_tag :action  => 'post_comment' do %>

     
    

    

     <%= text_area 'comment', 'comment' %>
    

     <%= submit_tag "Post" %>

    <%end %>
    This code produces a form that includes a text input area for writing the comment, and a Submit button labeled Post, as shown in the next figure. The post_comment action is called when the form is submitted.
  3. Save your files and run the application.

  4. Click a Permalink to view the details of a blog entry. Try adding a comment in the text area, but note that the blog does not yet display comments when you click the Post button.

    If your posting is successful, you see a message at the top of the view, as shown in the following figure. In the next steps you add code to collect and display the comments.

    View Of Comment Model, But Without Comments

Displaying the Comments

The blog does not yet display the comments that a reader adds, so here you fix that problem.

  1. In blog_controller.rb, find the show action and insert the following post_comments instance variable to collect the comments:

    def show

      @post = Post.find(params[:id])

      @post_comments = @post.comments.collect

      flash[:post_id] = @post.id

    end
    Because you added the has_many :comments relationship to the Post model, you can access all the comments for a post by calling @post.comments.

  2. Modify show.rhtml by copying and pasting the contents of the following

      tag to just after the

      Comments

      line:

        

        <% @post_comments.each do |comment| %>

      • <%= h comment.comment %>

        

        

            Posted on <%= comment.created_at.strftime("%B %d, %Y at %I:%M %p") %>

        

        • 

        <% end %>
      This code stylizes the comments, displays them in a bulleted list, and includes the date and time that the comment was posted.

    • Choose File > Save All, then refresh your browser.

      The comments now appear in the blog in a bulleted list, as shown in the following figure.

      Figure 2: View of Comment Model, With Comments
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